Structural analysis of inclusive metaverse spaces for the sustainability of future smart cities (Case study: Tehran Metropolis)

Document Type : Original Research Articles

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The Metaverse, as a hypothetical virtual environment utilizing advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things, has the potential to contribute to the sustainability of future smart cities, enhancing urban efficiency and quality of life. In this regard, the present study aims to analyze the framework of immersive Metaverse spaces for the sustainability of future smart cities in the metropolitan area of Tehran. The research strategy is application-oriented, and the methodology is descriptive-analytical, based on exploratory futures research methods. The theoretical data were collected using a documentary method, and the empirical data were gathered through a survey method based on the Delphi technique. The target population of this study included urban experts, and a purposive sample of 70 individuals was selected. To analyze the data, the Delphi method, structural analysis in the MICMAC environment, and Scenario Wizard software were employed. The findings revealed that indicators such as transparency, demand reduction, urban simulation, and digital education play significant roles in improving smart urban sustainability. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the Metaverse can serve as an effective tool for optimizing resource consumption, increasing citizen participation, and mitigating urban risks. The final results suggest that to fully harness the potential of the Metaverse, it is necessary to strengthen digital infrastructures, enhance technology-related education, and improve cybersecurity. Overall, it is recommended that policymakers in Tehran focus on developing Metaverse technologies and integrating them with urban systems to leverage all the capabilities of this technology.

Keywords

Main Subjects


 Al Nuaimi, E., Al Neyadi, H., Mohamed, N., & Al-Jaroodi, J. (2015). Applications of big data to smart cities. Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 6(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13174-015-0041-5
Alam, T. (2024). Metaverse of Things (MoT) applications for revolutionizing urban living in smart cities. Smart Cities, 7, 2466-2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7050096
Allam, Z., Sharifi, A., Bibri, S. E., Jones, D. S., & Krogstie, J. (2022). The metaverse as a virtual form of smart cities: Opportunities and challenges for environmental, economic, and social sustainability in urban futures. Smart Cities, 5(3), 771-801. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5030040
Anubha, A., Srivastava, G.N. and Narang, D. (2024), Metaverse and Internet of Things: A Way to Smart Cities, Krishnan, C., Behl, A., Dash, S. and Yadav, P.D. (Ed.) The Metaverse Dilemma: Challenges and Opportunities for Business and Society, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-524-220241005
Bibri, S. E. (2022). Eco-districts and data-driven smart eco-cities: Emerging approaches to strategic planning by design and spatial scaling and evaluation by technology. Land Use Policy, 113, 105830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105830
Bibri, S. E., & Allam, Z. (2022). The Metaverse as a virtual form of data-driven smart urbanism: On post-pandemic governance through the prism of the logic of surveillance capitalism. Smart Cities, 5(2), 715–727. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5020037
Bibri, S. E., & Jagatheesaperumal, S. K. (2023). Harnessing the potential of the Metaverse and artificial intelligence for the Internet of City Things: Cost-effective XReality and synergistic AIoT technologies. Smart Cities, 6(5), 2397–2429. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6050109
Bina, O., Inch, A., & Pereira, L. (2020). Beyond techno-utopia and its discontents: On the role of utopianism and speculative fiction in shaping alternatives to the smart city imaginary. Futures, 115, 102475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2019.102475
Cavalcante, E., Cacho, N., Lopes, F., Batista, T., & Oquendo, F. (2016). Thinking smart cities as systems-of-systems: A perspective study. SmartCities '16: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Smart Cities and Urban Analytics, Article 9, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1145/3009912.3009918
Chatzopoulou, I., Tsoutsa, P., & Fitsilis, P. (2023). How Metaverse is affecting smart cities economy. In 27th Pan-Hellenic Conference on Progress in Computing and Informatics (PCI 2023), November 24-26, 2023, Lamia, Greece. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3635059.3635099
Chen, Z., Gan, W., Wu, J., Lin, H., & Chen, C.-M. (2024). Metaverse for smart cities: A survey. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 4, 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.12.002
Chen, Z., Wu, J., Gan, W., & Qi, Z. (2022). Metaverse security and privacy: An overview. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Big Data (pp. 2950–2959). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.14948
Dorostkar, E., & Najarsadeghi, M. (2023). Sustainability and urban climate: How Metaverse can influence urban planning? Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 50(9), 1711–1717. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231181596
Fallahian, Farzad, Abtahi, Atallah, and Soleimani, Neda (2014), Metaverse Smart City Governance, Entrepreneurship Knowledge Journal, 11, pp. 126-136. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/enkn/Article/791230  [In Persian]
Farag, A.A. (2024), Metaverse-Driven Mobility: Weaving the Virtual Realm Into the Fabric of Our Cities, Kandpal, V., Santibanez-Gonzalez, E.D., Chatterjee, P. and Nallapaneni, M.K. (Ed.) Smart Cities and Circular Economy, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 261-278. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-957-820241021
Hatami, A., Sasanpour, F., Asadzadeh, H., & van Bodegom, P. M. (2023). Scenario analyses to reach smart sustainability in Tehran. Journal of Urban Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2023.09.002
Hekmatnia, H. , Maleki, M. , Mousavi, M. N. and Afshani, A. (2017). Assess the implementation of good urban governance in Iran (Case Study: Ilam city). Human Geography Research, 49(3), 607-619. doi: 10.22059/jhgr.2016.57235
Huang, J., Sun, P., & Zhang, W. (2022). Analysis of the future prospects for the Metaverse. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development, 1899–1904. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.312
Huynh-The, T., Nguyen, T., Le-Hong, T., Seo, J., Kim, D., & Kim, D. I. (2023). Blockchain for the metaverse: A review. Future Generation Computer Systems, 143, 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2023.02.008
Jagatheesaperumal, S. K., Pham, Q. V., Ruby, R., Yang, Z., Xu, C., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Explainable AI over the Internet of Things (IoT): Overview, state-of-the-art and future directions. IEEE Open Journal of Communications Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2022.3215676
Kuru, K. (2023). MetaOmniCity: Toward immersive urban metaverse cyberspaces using smart city digital twins. IEEE Access, 11. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3272890
Lee, L. H., Braud, T., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Xu, D., Lin, Z., Kumar, A., Bermejo, C., & Hui, P. (2021). All one needs to know about Metaverse: A complete survey on technological singularity, virtual ecosystem, and research agenda. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.05352. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2110.05352
Lifelo, Z., Ding, J., Ning, H., Qurat-Ul-Ain, & Dhelim, S. (2024). Artificial Intelligence-enabled Metaverse for sustainable smart cities: Technologies, applications, challenges, and future directions. Electronics, 13(24), 4874. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13244874
Maier, F., & Weinberger, M. (2024). Metaverse meets smart cities—Applications, benefits, and challenges. Future Internet, 16(4), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16040126
Meng, X., Li, Y., Liu, K., Liu, Y., Yang, B., Song, X., Liao, G., Wang, S., Yu, Z., Chen, L., Pan, X., & Lin, Y. (2023). Spatial data intelligence and city metaverse: A review. Fundamental Research. Available online 28 December 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.014
Mohanty, S. P., Choppali, U., & Kougianos, E. (2016). Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: The Internet of Things is the backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 5(3), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879
Mousavi, A., & Hazrati, S. (2023). Ranking the barriers to sustainable smart city growth (Case study: Kerman City). Regional Geography and Futures Studies Quarterly, 1(3), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.30466/grfs.2023.54839.1010  [In Persian]
Mousavi, M. N., Shirazi, S. A., Nasar-u.-Minallah, M., & Bayramzadeh, N. (2025). Introducing the Mousavi Primate City Index for Iran’s Urban System assessment. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY, 18(1), 44–53. doi: 10.24057/2071-9388-2025-3218
Mystakidis, S. (2022). Metaverse. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 486–497. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
Patr ̃ao, C., Moura, P., Almeida, A. (2020). Review of Smart City Assessment Tools Smart. Cities 2020, 3(4), 1117-1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040055
Qadir, A. M. A., & Fatah, A. (2023). Platformization and the Metaverse: Opportunities and challenges for urban sustainability and economic development. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web, 10(39), e3842. https://doi.org/10.4108/ew.3842
Sajjadian, Mahyar (2013). A study on the dominant types of research and developments in smart city concepts with regard to the crypto and metaverse phenomena in line with the optimal future planning of Iranian cities, Journal of Geography and Urban Planning, Zagros Perspective, 56, 7-56. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/zagros/Article/937818/FullText   [In Persian]
Singh, J., Sajid, M., Gupta, S. K., & Haidri, R. A. (2022). Artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies for smart city. In Intelligent Green Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities, 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119816096.ch15
Trivedi, A., Trivedi, V., & Gharib, M. (2023). Analyzing barriers to metaverse application in smart cities: A DEMATEL-based approach. E3S Web of Conferences, 455, 03020. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345503020
Verma, A. (2024). Application of metaverse technologies and artificial intelligence in smart cities. The Scientific Temper, 15(2), 2410–2415. https://doi.org/10.58414/SCIENTIFICTEMPER.2024.15.2.60
Vogl, T. M., Seidelin, C., Ganesh, B., Bright, J. (2020). Smart technology and the
emergence of algorithmic bureaucracy: Artificial intelligence in UK local authorities.
Public Administration Review, 80(6), 946–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13286
Wang, J., & Medvegy, G. (2022). Exploration of the future of the metaverse and smart cities. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Business (ICEB) (Vol. 22, pp. 106–115). https://aisel.aisnet.org/iceb2022/12
Wang, J., & Medvegy, G. (2022). Exploration of the future of the metaverse and smart cities. In E. Y. Li et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of The International Conference on Electronic Business, Volume 22 (pp. 106–115). ICEB’22, Bangkok, Thailand, October 13-17, 2022.
Xu, M., Ng, W. C., Lim, W. Y. B., Kang, J., Xiong, Z., Niyato, D., Yang, Q., Shen, X., & Miao, C. (2023). A full dive into realizing the edge-enabled metaverse: Visions, enabling technologies, and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 25(1), 656–700. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2022.3221119
Yaqoob, I., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., & Omar, M. (2023). Metaverse applications in smart cities: Enabling technologies, opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Internet of Things, 23, 100884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2023.100884
Zainab, H. E., & Bawanay, N. Z. (2023). Digital twin, metaverse and smart cities in a race to the future. Proceedings of the 24th International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), Ajman, United Arab Emirates, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACIT58888.2023.10453803
Zallio, M., & Clarkson, P. J. (2022). Designing the metaverse: A study on inclusion, diversity, equity, accessibility, and safety for digital immersive environments. Telematics and Informatics, 75, 101909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101909
Zamani, A., & Besharatifar, S. (2025). An analysis of future strategies influencing the development of industrial cities in Iran: Case study of Bandar Mahshahr City. Journal of Geography and Regional Future Studies, 3(3), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.30466/grfs.2025.56271.1132  [In Persian]
Zeng, H., Yunis, M., Khalil, A., & Mirza, N. (2024). Towards a conceptual framework for AI-driven anomaly detection in smart city IoT networks for enhanced cybersecurity. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(4), 100601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100601
Zhao, Y., Jiang, J., Chen, Y., & Chen, S. (2022). Metaverse: Perspectives from graphics, interactions, and visualization. Visual Informatics, 6(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visinf.2022.03.002
Zheng, C. J., Yuan, J. F., Zhu, L., Zhang, Y. J., Shao, Q. H. (2020). From digital to sustainable: A scientometric review of smart city literature between 1990 and 2019. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120689
Zhu, W., Yan, R., & Song, Y. (2022). Analysing the impact of smart city service quality on citizen engagement in a public emergency. Cities, 120, 103439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103439